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Labor Day is a U.S. national holiday held the first Monday every September. Unlike most U.S. holidays, it is a strange celebration without rituals, except for shopping and barbecuing. For most people it simply marks the last weekend of summer and the start of the school year.
The holiday’s founders in the late 1800s envisioned something very different from what the day has become. The founders were looking for two things: a means of unifying union workers and a reduction in work time.
The first Labor Day occurred in 1882 in New York City under the direction of that city’s Central Labor Union.
In the 1800s, unions covered only a small fraction of workers and were balkanized and relatively weak. The goal of organizations like the Central Labor Union and more modern-day counterparts like the AFL-CIO was to bring many small unions together to achieve a critical mass and power. The organizers of the first Labor Day were interested in creating an event that brought different types of workers together to meet each other and recognize their common interests.
However, the organizers had a large problem: No government or company recognized the first Monday in September as a day off work. The issue was solved temporarily by declaring a one-day strike in the city. All striking workers were expected to march in a parade and then eat and drink at a giant picnic afterwards.
Why was Labor Day invented?
Labor Day came about because workers felt they were spending too many hours and days on the job.
In the 1830s, manufacturing workers were putting in 70-hour weeks on average. Sixty years later, in 1890, hours of work had dropped, although the average manufacturing worker still toiled in a factory 60 hours a week.
These long working hours caused many union organizers to focus on winning a shorter eight-hour work day. They also focused on getting workers more days off, such as the Labor Day holiday, and reducing the workweek to just six days.
These early organizers clearly won since the most recent data show that the average person working in manufacturing is employed for a bit over 40 hours a week and most people work only five days a week.
As the U.S. economy expanded beyond farming and basic manufacturing in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it became important for businesses to find consumers interested in buying the products and services being produced in ever greater amounts. Shortening the work week was one way of turning the working class into the consuming class.
The common misconception is that since Labor Day is a national holiday, everyone gets the day off. Nothing could be further from the truth.
While the first Labor Day was created by striking, the idea of a special holiday for workers was easy for politicians to support. It was easy because proclaiming a holiday, like Mother’s Day, costs legislators nothing and benefits them by currying favor with voters. In 1887, Oregon, Colorado, Massachusetts, New York and New Jersey all declared a special legal holiday in September to celebrate workers.
Within 12 years, half the states in the country recognized Labor Day as a holiday. It became a national holiday in June 1894 when President Grover Cleveland signed the Labor Day bill into law. While most people interpreted this as recognizing the day as a national vacation, Congress’ proclamation covers only federal employees. It is up to each state to declare its own legal holidays.
Moreover, proclaiming any day an official holiday means little, as an official holiday does not require private employers and even some government agencies to give their workers the day off. Many stores are open on Labor Day. Essential government services in protection and transportation continue to function, and even less essential programs like national parks are open. Because not everyone is given time off on Labor Day, union workers as recently as the 1930s were being urged to stage one-day strikes if their employer refused to give them the day off.
In the president’s annual Labor Day declaration last year, Obama encouraged Americans “to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies and activities that honor the contributions and resilience of working Americans.”
The proclamation, however, does not officially declare that anyone gets time off.
Controversy: Militants and founders
Today most people in the U.S. think of Labor Day as a noncontroversial holiday.
The first controversy that people fought over was how militant workers should act on a day designed to honor workers. Communist, Marxist and socialist members of the trade union movement supported May 1 as an international day of demonstrations, street protests and even violence, which continues even today.
More moderate trade union members, however, advocated for a September Labor Day of parades and picnics. In the U.S., picnics, instead of street protests, won the day.
There is also dispute over who suggested the idea. The earliest history from the mid-1930s credits Peter J. McGuire, who founded the New York City Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners, in 1881 with suggesting a date that would fall “nearly midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving” that “would publicly show the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations.”
Later scholarship from the early 1970s makes an excellent case that Matthew Maguire, a representative from the Machinists Union, actually was the founder of Labor Day. However, because Matthew Maguire was seen as too radical, the more moderate Peter McGuire was given the credit.
Who actually came up with the idea will likely never be known, but you can vote online here to express your view.
Have we lost the spirit of Labor Day?
Today Labor Day is no longer about trade unionists marching down the street with banners and their tools of trade. Instead, it is a confused holiday with no associated rituals.
The original holiday was meant to handle a problem of long working hours and no time off. Although the battle over these issues would seem to have been won long ago, this issue is starting to come back with a vengeance, not for manufacturing workers but for highly skilled white-collar workers, many of whom are constantly connected to work.
If you work all the time and never really take a vacation, start a new ritual that honors the original spirit of Labor Day. Give yourself the day off. Don’t go in to work. Shut off your phone, computer and other electronic devices connecting you to your daily grind. Then go to a barbecue, like the original participants did over a century ago, and celebrate having at least one day off from work during the year!
。 长城网·冀云客户端记者 乔娅 郑佳洵 白亚军“这是林业局给咱发的碳票，以前想都不敢想，靠着管护山林、净化空气也能挣钱。”承德市围场满族蒙古族自治县哈里哈乡莫里莫村党支部书记何艳丰感叹道。
B | 在省最北部的围场，一片片曾经“沉睡”的山林正在苏醒。
C | 作为京津重要生态屏障，围场森林面积达816万亩，其中集体林面积513万亩。
D | 然而，长期以来，集体林经营管理面临管理粗放、经营方式单一、林地经济效益低、林农受益程度小等难题。莫里莫村村民李晓东向记者展示林业碳票。长城网·冀云客户端记者 白亚军 摄如何让绿水青山变成真正的金山银山？滦河林场“国有带民营”的改革实践，给出了答案。为破解集体林业发展瓶颈，近两年滦河林场创新构建“国有带民营”集体林权制度改革新机制，以村集体为核心单元，整合村民个人林木资源，集中组建村级集体林场，再通过集体林场与国有滦河林场深度合作、委托经营的模式，盘活全域集体林业资源。目前，全县已成功组建莫里莫村、对亭沟村、台子水村、八十三号村、杜家店村5个村级集体林场，规范化经营林地面积达17.18万亩，规模化、专业化、科学化的林业经营新格局加速形成。何艳丰告诉记者，去年莫里莫村委托滦河林场经营了556亩林地，完成首单林业碳票交易，交易总额6420元。按照收益分配机制，70%碳汇收益归村集体所有，主要用于村里道路维修或者防汛等方面的建设，30%划归国有滦河林场用于森林的管护和保养。
E | 滦河林场“国有带民营”委托经营试点。长城网·冀云客户端记者 白亚军 摄莫里莫村是省“国有带民营”改革的首批试点村落，也是改革成效的生动缩影。目前，该村共委托国有滦河林场经营林地面积2550.4亩，其中2022年12月启动、2023年底全面完工的抚育经营地块面积1151.9亩，林地主要为38年树龄的落叶松。
F | 在国有林场专业化管护赋能下，这片曾经无人精细化打理的林地实现质效双升，上千亩抚育林木一年即可实现蓄积增值16.6万元。“以前村里森林覆盖率高达83%，但村民不懂专业管护，树木长势差、卖不上价。”何艳丰坦言，自从和滦河林场合作后，林地全面落实病虫害防治、科学抚育、规范养护等专业措施，林木长势逐年向好、径级不断增大，2028年还将开展新一轮抚育作业，届时千亩林地预计可增收七八十万元。滦河林场场长王利民介绍，截至目前，该林场累计实施委托经营林木抚育3.37万亩，为乡村增收2630万元；组建凤凰岭林场、百木林场、聚宏林场、秀松湖林场、全峰珍龙林场、承德城御晟林场、承德嘉杉林场等7个家庭林场，经营规模达4万亩。滦河林场场长王利民（右）检查树木生长情况。
G | 长城网·冀云客户端记者 白亚军 摄“2026年滦河林场计划将委托经营林木面积突破30万亩，进一步带动集体林经营提质、林农稳步增收；规范有序发展林下特色产业，不断拓宽‘两山’转化路径；积极推广樟子松嫁接红松实用技术，推动林业产业提质增效。”王利民说。从“沉睡山林”到“点绿成金”，滦河林场“国有带民营”的改革实践，不只是一份碳票的兑现、一组数据的跃升，更是发展理念的深刻变革。如今，国有林场改革的种子已在多地生根发芽，生长出绿色希望，让更多村庄因林而兴，让更多百姓因绿而富。
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